PHYSIOHEALER.

Recently, the Movement Disorder Task Force also recognized three stages in early PD.

Learn about more Parkinson’s symptoms:

1.Preclinical Phase:

The degeneration of the dopamine producing neurons has already begun but no clinical symptom is evident yet.

2.Prodromal Phase:

Some symptoms are present, but they are insufficient for the clinician to make a diagnosis of PD.

3.Clinical Phase:

Parkinsonian symptoms have manifested and are clearly recognizable.

Following Rating Scales for PD are mentioned below:👇⬇️

1.Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39):

A 39-item self-reported questionnaire assessing PD-specific health related functioning and well-being across eight quality of life dimensions.

There is also a short-form version derived from the PDQ-39, the PDQ-8.

2.Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ):

A patient-based screening tool designed to draw attention to the presence of non-movement symptoms in people with PD.

3.Non-Motor Symptoms Scale for Parkinson’s Disease (NMSS):

A 30-item rater-based scale to measure the severity and frequency of a wide range of non-movement symptoms across nine dimensions in people with PD.

4.Patient Diaries and/or Kinematic Sensor:

They may provide invaluable insights on motor fluctuations in relation to medication intake.

Increasingly,clinicians and researchers are exploring new kinematic sensor technologies to help detect and measure motor symptoms and fluctuations.

Literature Derived From:

https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons/stages

Following are the Rating Scales mentioned below for diagnosis of PD:

Clinicians uses clinical rating scales to characterize the movement and non-movement symptoms of PD,how severe they are, and their impact on a person’s daily activities.

Clinical scales also help doctors track the progression of PD and are used in clinical trials.

In addition to the Hoehn and Yahr Scale described above, examples of widely used clinical scales for PD include:

Google.com

1.Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS):

A commonly used and validated tool originally developed in the 1980s by a Parkinson’s Foundation researcher.

It contain four parts:

a.Mentation, behavior and mood.
b.Activities of daily living
c.Motor examination
d.Complications of therapy

2.Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS):

A revision and expansion of the UPDRS,published in 2008.

It is a more comprehensive scale developed to evaluate the various aspects of PD.

The four components included in this scale are:

a.Non-movement aspects of experiences of daily living.
b.Movement aspects of experiences of daily living.
c.Movement examination.
d.Movement complications.

3.Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS):

Used to evaluate abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia) that occur with advancing PD.

4.Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale:

It uses percentages to assess a person’s level of functional independence to complete daily chores.

There are Five Stages Of PD:

In 1967, Hoehn & Yahr defined five stages of PD based on the level of clinical disability. Clinicians use it to describe how motor symptoms progress in PD.

Stage:1

On this scale, stages 1 and 2 represent early-stage, 2 and 3 mid-stage and 4 and 5 advanced-stage PD.

During this initial stage,the person has mild symptoms that generally do not interfere with daily activities.

Tremor and other movement symptoms occur on one side of the body only.

Changes in posture,walking and facial expressions occur.

Stage:2

Symptoms start getting worse day by day.Tremor,rigidity and other movement symptoms affect both sides of the body or the midline (such as the neck and the trunk).

Walking problems and poor posture may be apparent.

Person is able to live alone, but daily tasks are more difficult and lengthier.

Stage:3

Considered mid-stage,loss of balance (such as unsteadiness as the person turns or when he/she is pushed from standing) is the hallmark.

Falls are more common.Motor symptoms continue to worsen.

Functionally the person is somewhat restricted in his/her daily activities now but is still physically capable of leading an independent life.

Disability is mild to moderate at this stage.

Stage:4

At this point,symptoms are fully developed and severely disabling.

The person is still able to walk and stand without assistance, but may need to ambulate with a cane/walker for safety.

The person needs significant help with activities of daily living and is unable to live alone.

Stage:5

This is the most advanced and debilitating stage.

Stiffness in the legs may make it impossible to stand or walk.

The person is bedridden or confined to a wheelchair unless aided.Around-the-clock care is required for all activities.

Literature Derived From:

https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons/stages

First symptom may be a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand or sometimes a foot or the jaw.Tremor is common in Parkinson’s disease.

But the disorder also may cause stiffness,slowing of movement and trouble with balance that raises the risk of falls.

Non-movement symptoms:

It can impact daily life include sleep disturbances, daytime fatigue, speech or swallowing difficulties,constipation, bladder issues,pain and more.

The Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS):

It is a 30-Item rater-based scale to assess a wide range of non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

The NMSS measures the severity and frequency of non-motor symptoms across nine dimensions.

The scale can be used for patients at all stages of PD.

Motor symptoms Of PD:

It affects your movement and balance.They are usually symptoms that other people can see.

The three main symptoms of Parkinson’s are all motor symptoms.i.e:

They are tremor, stiffness and slowness of movement.

Non-Motor Symptoms of PD:

Pain,Fatigue,Low blood pressure,Restless legs,Bladder and bowel problems,Skin and sweating,Sleep,Eating,Swallowing and Saliva control.